Accord
释义:accord在普通英语中的含义是符合,一致,在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议,指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议,accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。
acquire
释义:acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得,获取,而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买,收购,我们通常所说的M&A,即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。
act
释义:act在普通英语中的含义是行动,行为,在法律英语中通常理解为作为,与不作为forbear相对应。如:
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from
Action
释义:act在普通英语中的含义是行动,在法律英语中则理解为诉讼,相当于suit或lawsuit,如initiate an action提起诉讼,win an action在诉讼中获胜,defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。
adopt
释义:adopt的最常见含义是采用,通过,如adopt a law通过一项法律,adopt a proposal采纳一个建议等,这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外,adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养,如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。
admission
释义:admission是admit的名词,在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中,则通常是法律程序中的一个用语,意思是采纳,采信(证据),如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。
affect
释义:affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一,意思是影响,通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语,affect(本义没有改变,仍然是影响),确实非常正式的用法,通常不能用influence等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same.任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款,并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。
Affiliate
释义:affiliate是法律英语的常见单词之一,意思是关联方,关联公司,也可以associate或connected person表示。如“Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party,including a Party’s parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party.“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制,或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。
agent
释义:agent也是法律英语中常见单词之一,意思是代理人,代理商,通常指商业代理,假设指非商业性质的代理,如替别人出席会议等,则可用proxy。
例句:Nothing in this Agreement or in the performance of any of its provisions is intended or shall be construed to constitute either party an agent, legal representative, subsidiary,joint venturer,partner,employer,or employee of the other for any purpose whatsoever.
参考译文:本协议的任何内容或本协议任何条款的履行,无意表示、亦不应被理解为任何一方为任何目的可以充当另一方的代理人、法定代表、子公司、合营方、合作伙伴、雇主或雇员。
applicable
释义:applicable在法律英语中的意思是可适用的,如例句:If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid,illegal,or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the provision/provisions shall be deemed to have been severed from this agreement.假设本协议或涉及本协议而签署的任何文件中某条或数条条款,根据任何适用法律在任何方面是无效的、不合法或不能强制执行的,视为该条款从本协议中删除
As is
释义:as is是法律英语中的常见词组,意思是(货物等的)现状。如deliver the house as is.按照房屋的现状交付房屋。The software is provided as is.按软件现有状况提供软件等。
As of
释义:as of是法律英语中的常用词组之一,意思是从…开始,相当于since,但因为法律英语问题的正式性和庄重性,一般不能用since替换。如The law shall be effective as of January 10, 2009。本法自2009年1月10生效。The contract takes effect upon its execution。合同自签订之日起生效。
Asset
释义:asset的含义是资产、财产,不仅包括动产,不动产,也包括可以动用的资源。如fixed asset固定资产,floating asset流动资产,Asset and capital verification 清产核资,asset management资产管理等。
Assign
释义:assign是法律英语中常用单词之一,意思是转让,也可以指受让人,通常指权利的转让。如assign the rights to a third party。把权利转让个第三方。又如Without the prior, express written consent of the Principal, the Agent may not assign this Agreement to any other party.未经委托方事先明确的书面同意,代理方不得将本协议转让给任何第三方。
attach
释义:attach在普通英语中的含义是依附,粘贴,在法律英语中指扣押财产。Attach the property扣押财产。Attachment order扣押令等。
bankrupt
释义:bankrupt的意思是破产,既可以指单位也可以指个人破产。如go bankrupt破产,declare bankrupt宣布破产,adjudicate sb. Bankrupt判决某人破产等。
bind
释义:bind在普通英语中的含义是包扎,粘合。在法律英语中含义是约束,对…产生约束力。如the agreement binds all the parties to it协议对各方均有约束力,bind sb. to do使某人负有做…事情的义务等。
board of directors/supervisors
释义:board of directors/supervisors分别为董事会和监事会,是公司的重要权力或监督机构。Board在法律英语中的含义是委员会,假设没有特别说明,一般指董事会,假设是单独的董事、监事,可以分别以director和supervisor表示。
breach
释义:breach的意思是违反,侵犯,通常指违反合同、协议等。如If Party A materially breaches this Contract,Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract.假设甲方实质性违反本合同,乙方或其权益承继人有权终止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。
call
释义:call在普通英语中意思是呼唤,召集,在法律英语中通常为催促,催款。如The seller issued a notice of call to the buyer to urge the buyer to pay off the balance of the amount due and owing to seller.卖方向卖方发出催款通知,要求买方向卖方支付已到期尚未支付的账款余额。
Capital
释义:capital是法律英语中的常见单词,意思是资本,如current capital流动资本,authorized capital授权资本,capital reserve资本公积,capital investment资本投资等。
Circumstance
释义:circumstance在普通英语中指环境,情景。在法律英语中指法官予以定罪量刑的情节等。如aggravating/mitigating circumstance加重/减轻情节,legal circumstance法定情节等。
Claim
释义:claim在法律英语中的意思是索赔,诉求,既可以作名词,也可以作动词。如claim damages要求损害赔偿金,claim on the insurance 进行保险索赔,reject a claim拒绝一项索赔请求等。
Communication
释义:communication在这里不是抽象意义的交流,沟通,而是商业往来中的具体讯息,书信,包括来往函电,信件信件等。如Notices or other communications required to be given by one Party pursuant to this Agreement shall be written in Chinese.一方根据本协议要求发出的通知或其他书信应以中文书写。
Company
释义:company是法律英语最常用的单词之一,意思是公司,如controlling/holding company
控股公司,parent company母公司,limited liability company有限责任公司,company limited by shares 股份有限公司,listed company上市公司等。
Composition
释义:composition在普通英语中的常见意思为作文,结构,在法律英语中的意思为和解协议,指指债务人与全部或至少相当一部分债权人达成的此类协议。如In case a settlement agreement is reached through conciliation between the debtor and creditors, the court shall make a decision in accordance with the contents of the composition reached by and between both the parties.经债务人和债权人经调解达成和解协议的案件,法院应当根据双方当事人和解协议的内容,作出判决。
Concession
释义:concession指(**屏蔽**授予的)特许权,特许经营权,如BOT project concession period consists two parts: concession period limit and concession period length. BOT项目特许权转让协议中有关特许期的约定涉及两部分内容,包括特许期限定和特许期长度。
confidential
释义:confidential是法律英语中的常用词汇,意思是保密的,机密的,相当于secret,但一般不能用secret替换。如Each party agrees to protect the other’s Confidential Information at all times and in the same manner as each protects the confidentiality of its own proprietary and confidential materials.各方同意,在任何时候都以保护自身专有资料和机密资料相同的方式保护另一方的机密信息。
consideration
释义:consideration在法律英语中的含义是对价,即为换取另一个人做某事的允诺,某人付出的不一定是金钱的代价。如Party A agrees to pay RMB 5000yuan in consideration for the service rendered by Party B.甲方同意支付5000元人民币作为乙方提供服务的对价。
consolidation
释义:consolidation也是法律英语中的一个重要词组,意思是合并,兼并,即若各干企业合并成一个新企业,原企业解散,亦即新设合并,如Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, expect to any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization involving the assigning Party.任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意,不得转让本协议的全部或部分,除非转让给涉及转让方的因兼并、合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司。
Construe
释义:construe是法律英语中的重要单词,意思是解释,即对法律、合同等法律文件的内容作出解释,与interpret意思相同。如A waiver by one of the parties at any time of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement committed by the other party shall not be construed as a waiver by such party of any subsequent breach to be committed by the other party.一方在任何时候放弃追究另一方违反本协议任何条款或规定的行为,不应被视为该一方放弃追究另一方以后的违约行为。
construction
释义:construction在普通英语中的最常见含义是“建设,构建”,“construction of the country”(国家建设)。在法律英语中,construction也有一个常见含义,即“解释”通常指对法律、条例、判决或其他法律规范的含义和适用所作的说明,相当于interpretation。如construction of the contract in accordance with the law(根据法律规定解释合同),strict construction of the law(对法律的严格解释)等。我们在使用时要注意区分,不能看到construction就当做“建设”理解。
contribution
释义:contribution是公司法中常用的一个单词,意思是出资,不同于其在普通英语中的意思(贡献、投稿、捐赠),如When a Party (the “Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice (the “Notice”) to the other Party (the “Non-Disposing Party”).一方(“转让方”)欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时,应向另一方(“非转让方”)提供书面通知(“通知”)。
Creation
释义:creation有两个意思,一个创造,通常出现在有关知识产权的法律中,如invention and creation发明创造。另一个意思是创设,通常指权利的设定,如The effect of all this is that, on the creation and sale of the Bankers’ Acceptance, the Borrower receives a sum of money and, on the later maturity date, the Borrower pays back a slightly higher sum of money. 全部这种做法的效果在于,在设立和售出银行承兑时,借方收到一笔钱款,而在以后的到期日,借方付还一笔略高的钱款。
Customs
释义:很多人望文生义,看到这个单词,直接把它理解成为“风俗,惯例”,而忽略了其形式是复数。Custom在法律英语中有“惯例、惯例法”的意思,如custom and usage(惯例、习惯法)。但Customs用作复数时,在法律英语中指海关,如customs declaration(报关),customs duty (关税,有时候也可以直接用customs表示关税),customs officer(海关官员等)。
damages
释义:damages在法律英语中表示损害赔偿金,要注意用的是复数形式,假设用单数,则表示损害。如incidental damages 附带损害consequential damages 间接损害claim damages for the breach of contract.因违约要损害赔偿金等。
Debenture
释义:debenture的意思是债券,通常指的是无担保债券。如bank debenture 金融债券 bearer debenture 不记名债券 coupon bank debenture 附息票金融债券 customs debenture 海关退税凭单等。
declaration
释义:declaration在法律英语中常用作申报,如customs declaration报关,export declaration出口申报,income tax declaration个税申报等。
delegate
释义:delegate在法律英语中的意思是转让,通常指义务的转让,如:In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China”), the consent of the creditors shall be obtained for the delegation of obligations to become effective.根据中华人民共和国(以下称“中国”),义务的转让须取得债权人的同意方可生效。
Discharge
释义:discharge在法律英语中的常用含义有两个:
①履行,侧重于对具体义务的履行,相当于fulfill,如
He discharged his obligations after the call of the creditors。
他在债权人的督促下,才履行了自己的义务。
②免除,即免除他人的义务或债务。
His liability to pay the loan to the bank was discharged due to his bankruptcy。
他对银行的借款偿还义务因其破产而免除。
从上面两个例子可以看出,discharge的两个含义是截然相反的,所以,我们在理解和翻译它的含义时,应当放到上下文中,不能望文生义。一般来说,假设主语是自己(如例证1),就理解为履行,动作由别人发出(如例证2),则理解为免除。
Discovery
释义:discovery在法律英语中指的不是发现,而是证据的开始,是英美法中审判程序的一个环节,通常为evidence discovery,也叫evidence disclosure.
discretion
释义:discretion在法律英语中的意思是裁量权,自由决定权。如Either party may, at its sole discretion, assign the whole or any part of the contract or any benefit or interest in or under the contract, provided a prior notice of the same shall be given to the other party.合同的任何一方都可以自行决定全部或部分转让本合同,或转让本合同项下的利益和权益,但应提前通知合同另一方。
Dissolution
释义:dissolution通常指(公司等)解散,如The JVC becomes bankrupt or is the subject of proceedings for liquidation or dissolution by reason of insolvency or ceases to carry on business or becomes unable to pay its debts as they become due.合营公司破产,或因资不抵债而进入清算程序或解散,或终止其业务,或无力偿付到期债务。
distress
释义:distress在法律英语中的常用意义为扣押物,如abuse the distress滥用扣押物,distress sale扣押物出售等。
draft
释义:draft在法律英语中通常有两个含义,一个是起草,如draft a law起草法律,draft a contract起草合同等。另一个意思是汇票,如承兑汇票也可以是honor a draft,开具汇票可以说是issue a draft等。
due
释义:due 在法律英语中的常用含义为债权债务的到期等,如Upon expiration or termination of this Agreement, Distributor shall immediately cease to be a Supplier distributor and all monies then owed to either party hereunder shall become immediately due and payable notwithstanding any credit terms previously made available to Distributor. 参考译文:本协议到期或终止时,经销商作为“供应方”经销商的身份应立即终止,即使经销商被明确允许赊销付款,双方的欠款也均应即时得到清偿。
effective
释义:effective在法律英语中的常见含义是有效的,生效的,如Notices given by personal delivery shall be deemed effective on the date of personal delivery,provided that receipt shall be acknowledged in writing by the receiving party.在专人送达之日视为生效,但收件方应书面确认已收到通知。
Encumbrance
释义:encumbrance在法律英语中的意思是财产或权利负担,包括担保,租赁,扣押等。如“Encumbrances”include any option,right to acquire,right of preemption,mortgage,charge,pledge,lien,hypothecation, title creation,right of set-off,counterclaim,trust arrangement or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law).“权利负担”包括期权、收购权、优先权、抵押、押记、质押、留置、押汇、所有权的产生、抵付权、反诉、信托安排或其他担保、或股权、限制(包括有关法律规定的任何有关限制)。
enforce
释义:enforce在法律英语中的意思是执行,通常指依靠法律的强制力强制执行等。如The failure of either party, in any one or more instances, to enforce any of the terms of this Agreement shall not be construed as a waiver of future enforcement of that or any other term.假设当事人犯下错误并导致本协议对其强制执行了某项条款,则不应被解释为协议放弃了将来对其强制执行此项条款和其它条款的权利。
engagement
释义:engagement的通常含义是从事,在法律英语中的特殊含义是聘用,相当于retain,如
Either party has the right to terminate the engagement by providing written notification to the other party. The engagement shall be deemed terminated once either party has received notice of termination.任何一方都有权在向对方发出书面通知后终止本聘用协议,聘用在另一方收到终止通知后即视为终止。
enter into
释义:enter into仅仅用在法律英语中,且通常在合同中出现,表示合同的鼎力。如The contract is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B in Shanghai.合同由甲乙双方于上海订立。
entrust
释义:entrust的含义是委托、信托。如entrust loan委托贷款,entrust lease 委托租赁,entrust the property to a fund把财产委托给基金进行管理等。
equity
释义:equity的意思是股权,既不同于股票,也不同于出资,而是股票或出资所代表的权益,如equity interest权益,equity transfer agreement股权转让协议,private equity非上市公司的股权等。
Exclusive
释义:exclusive是法律英语中出现频率较高的一个单词,意思是专有的、独享的,如exclusive agent独家代理商,exclusive jurisdiction专属管辖权,exclusive contract专买或专卖合同,exclusive license排他性许可,exclusive right等。
execute
释义:execute是法律英语中常用也是比较容易出错的单词,通常理解为合同的签订等。如the contract shall take effect upon its execution 合同自签订之日起生效。很多人容易把它理解为执行,这是错误的。但execution的确有执行、履行的意思,假设它与表示一段的时间状语连用,那肯定是执行、履行的意思,如in the course of the execution of the contract在合同履行过程中。
financing
释义:financing的意思是融资,不是金融(finance),也不是形容词经济的(financial),注意把三个单词区分开来。如project financing项目融资,financing manager融资经理,financing decision-making融资决策等。
forthwith
释义:forthwith在法律英语中的含义是立即,马上,相当于immediately,但因为法律英语文体的庄重性,一般不用immediately替换。如During the valid term of this Agreement,if any party changes its address at any time it shall forthwith notify the other party in writing of such change.在本协议有效期内,若任何一方在任何时候变更其地址,应立即书面通知另一方。
Futures
释义:futures也可以称得上是一个经济词汇,其含义是期货。对于这个单词,比较容易望文生义理解成“未来”,而忽略了其复数形式。这个词的复数形式在法律英语中表示期货,即买卖双方约定在将来某一时间交割的商品或证券、外汇等,如futures sales(期货交易),futures contract(期货合同),futures market(期货市场)等。另外,futures本身单独使用也可以指期货合同。
Grace
释义:grace是法律和经济等专业英语中用的都较多的一个单词,意思是(还款)宽限期,如day of grace, grace period宽限期等。
Hereby
释义:古英语中较为典型的一个,表示“在此,兹”,如we hereby reaches this agreement 我们谨达成如下本协议,With all that stated, we hereby advise as follows通过对以上事实的说明,我们提出如下建议….
Honor
释义:honor 通常用在票据法中,表示对票据的承兑,如all the instruments to be consistent with one another to be honored所有的票据都要彼此符合才能得到承兑,honor a bill承兑汇票等。
indemnify
释义:indemnify是法律英语尤其是合同中一个常用单词,意思是补偿、赔偿,比compensate(补偿)的含义要广泛。如Each party shall indemnify the other from any and all losses that may arise out of breach by such party of any of the warranties set forth in this Article.一方假设违反其在本条中的任何保证而使另一方发生损失,应向损失方做出赔偿。
infant/minor
释义:infant的一般含义是婴儿,但在法律英语中表示未成年人,相当于minor.如the contract made by the an infant is voidable in accordance with the Chinese law.
information
释义:information也是法律英语中经常用到一个单词,其含义与在普通英语中一样,都是信息,如information right知情权,confidential information保密信息,information disclosure信息披露等固定用法。
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